Glutathione
Tripeptide antioxidant · Also known as GSH, L-Glutathione, Gamma-Glutamylcysteinylglycine
What is Glutathione?
The body's most abundant endogenous antioxidant. A tripeptide (glutamate-cysteine-glycine) that plays a central role in detoxification, immune function, and cellular protection against oxidative stress.
Glutathione is produced in every cell and is critical for neutralizing free radicals, recycling other antioxidants like vitamins C and E, and supporting Phase II liver detoxification. Levels decline with age, illness, and environmental toxin exposure. Supplementation via IV, subcutaneous injection, or liposomal oral forms is widely used in integrative medicine.
Benefits & evidence
How it works
Glutathione directly neutralizes reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species by donating electrons. In the process, it becomes oxidized glutathione (GSSG), which is then recycled back to GSH by glutathione reductase using NADPH.
It also conjugates with toxins, drugs, and heavy metals via glutathione S-transferase enzymes, making them water-soluble for excretion. This Phase II detoxification pathway handles everything from acetaminophen metabolites to environmental pollutants.
In the immune system, glutathione is essential for lymphocyte proliferation and natural killer cell activity. Depleted glutathione levels are associated with poor outcomes in chronic infections, autoimmune conditions, and aging.
Dosing information
Typical dosing protocol
200-600 mg IV or SC
1-2x per week600 mg IV or SC
1-2x per weekIV and subcutaneous forms have far better bioavailability than oral. Liposomal oral (500-1000 mg/day) is a reasonable alternative. Often combined with vitamin C.
Side effects
Most side effects tend to improve as your body adjusts.