KPV
Anti-inflammatory tripeptide · Also known as Lys-Pro-Val, alpha-MSH C-terminal tripeptide
What is KPV?
A naturally occurring tripeptide derived from the C-terminal end of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH). It carries most of the anti-inflammatory activity of the parent hormone in a much smaller molecule.
KPV was identified through research into why alpha-MSH has such potent anti-inflammatory effects. Scientists found that just three amino acids (lysine-proline-valine) at the tail end of the hormone were responsible for much of its immune-modulating activity. It has been studied primarily in animal models of inflammatory bowel disease.
Benefits & evidence
How it works
KPV enters intestinal epithelial cells through the PepT1 transporter, a peptide transporter expressed on the surface of gut lining cells. Once inside, it inhibits the NF-kB signaling pathway, a master regulator of inflammation. By blocking NF-kB activation, KPV reduces production of pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-alpha and IL-1beta, dampening the inflammatory cascade at its source.
Unlike the full alpha-MSH hormone, KPV does not appear to work through melanocortin receptors. Its anti-inflammatory action is independent of the classical melanocortin pathway, which means it avoids the pigmentation side effects associated with other alpha-MSH-derived peptides like melanotan-II. KPV also appears to directly antagonize IL-1 activity, adding a second layer of anti-inflammatory action.
Dosing information
Typical dosing protocol
200-500 mcg/day
Weeks 1-4500 mcg/day
4-12 week cyclesNo human clinical trials have established optimal dosing for KPV itself. A related derivative (K(D)PT) was studied in a phase 2 trial for ulcerative colitis at oral doses of 20-100 mg twice daily for 8 weeks. Typical protocols use oral capsules or subcutaneous injection. Consult a healthcare provider.
Side effects
Most side effects tend to improve as your body adjusts.