SS-31
Mitochondrial-targeted peptide · Also known as Elamipretide, Bendavia, MTP-131
What is SS-31?
A cell-permeable tetrapeptide that concentrates in the inner mitochondrial membrane, stabilizing cardiolipin and restoring efficient energy production. In clinical trials for heart failure and mitochondrial diseases.
SS-31 (elamipretide) is a synthetic tetrapeptide (D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2) that crosses cell membranes and localizes to the inner mitochondrial membrane. It binds to cardiolipin, a phospholipid essential for electron transport chain function, protecting it from oxidative damage and restoring mitochondrial efficiency.
Benefits & evidence
How it works
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of aging. As we age, cardiolipin (a lipid unique to the inner mitochondrial membrane) becomes oxidized, disrupting the electron transport chain and increasing ROS production in a vicious cycle.
SS-31 binds selectively to cardiolipin, stabilizing its structure and the arrangement of respiratory chain complexes. This restores efficient ATP production and reduces electron leak that generates harmful ROS.
In clinical trials, SS-31 improved six-minute walk distance in heart failure patients and reduced hospitalizations. In Barth syndrome (a genetic cardiolipin deficiency), it showed meaningful functional improvements.
Dosing information
Typical dosing protocol
0.25 mg/kg SC
Daily0.25 mg/kg SC
OngoingClinical trials use subcutaneous or IV administration. Research peptide dosing protocols are not standardized.
Side effects
Most side effects tend to improve as your body adjusts.